干热河谷植被恢复研究进展与展望

干热河谷因自然环境条件恶劣而成为我国生态建设的难点,且一直是生态恢复的热点区域.本文从干热河谷的气候、植被等自然环境特点、植被恢复历史、恢复目标、植被种类筛选、恢复技术、人工植被生态评价等方面概括总结了干热河谷植被恢复研究的进展与现状,并对存在的一些问题进行评述,提出未来研究应予重视或优先研究的方向.     

Application of the analytic hierarchy process to riparian revegetation policy options

While riparian vegetation can play a major role in protecting land, water and natural habitat in catchments, there are high costs associated with tree planting and establishment and in diverting land from cropping. The distribution of costs and benefits of riparian revegetation creates conflicts in the objectives of various stakeholder groups, and elicitation of importance weights of objectives and determination of rankings of a number of policy options by these stakeholder groups becomes critical in decision-making. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a multicriteria analysis technique that provides an appropriate tool to accommodate the conflicting views of various stakeholder groups. The AHP allows the users to assess the relative importance of multiple criteria (or multiple alternatives against a given criterion) in an intuitive manner. This paper presents an application of AHP to obtain preference weights of environmental, social and economic objectives which have been used in ranking riparian revegetation policy options in a small catchment (watershed) in north Queensland, Australia. The preference weights towards environmental, economic and social objectives have been obtained for the various stakeholder groups (landholders, representatives of local sugar mill staff, environmentalists, recreational fishers and the local community). The AHP technique has proved useful in eliciting objectives and ranking policy options as well as in checking for consistency of the statements of stakeholder groups. Implementation of this approach requires a complex data elicitation process.     

An “electronic nose” as a potential device for fire detection of forest product fire loads in enclosures

Abstract

Saving lives and properties are of primary importance in fire disasters. Unfortunately, current fire detectors are not fast enough to allow the detection of many fires, especially, at the smouldering stages. Some preliminary studies on laevoglucosan (LG), as an important product from cellulose degradation, have shown interesting properties and could be detected by devices classified as “electronic noses” (e-noses). In the present work, the mechanisms of pyrolysis of some ligno-cellulosic materials were investigated using thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and by a tube furnace with a view to determining the major degradation products from wood, white paper and cardboard samples. Additionally, an odour sensor, made of tin oxide semiconductor thin film, was employed to evaluate its sensitivity in detecting LG. It was found that LG can be readily found among the thermal degradation products of cellulosic materials in question, and that the metal oxide sensor employed was sufficiently sensitive in detecting its presence. Therefore, the work opens up the potential of using such a sensor as an “e-nose” for the early detection of fires stemming from forest product fire loads in storage places and in other enclosures.     

The role of indigenous trees for the conservation of biocultural diversity in traditional agroforestry land use systems: The Bungoma case study: In-situ conservation of indigenous tree species

In order to precisely assess the role of agroforestry for the conservation of (agro-)biological diversity there is a need to adjust sampling methods used in plant sociology. This study is on the contribution of agroforestry land use to the in-situ conservation of indigenous trees within a typical East-African smallholder farming system in Western Kenya. A modified approach to measuring species richness and abundance is presented. The selection of tree-rich structures was done according to management patterns rather than considering syntaxonomic classifications from the vegetation science point of view. This approach, which is better suited to the strongly human-influenced vegetation of agroecosystems, employs between-management unit diversity measures to help evaluate abundance and constancy of species in particular management units. The predominant off-farm vegetation patterns are riverine forests, rocky hillsides, hedgerows, wooded grassland relicts, woodlands or colline forest relicts and tree groves whereas the noticeable tree-rich on-farm management units are homegardens, homesteads, life fences, coffee- and banana-groves and annual cropping fields. 98% out of all indigenous tree species known from Bungoma, occur in off-farm lands. 53% of the indigenous tree species occur in tree rich on-farm management units while 47% of the indigenous trees are dependent on the maintenance of off-farm lands. Hedgerows embody the most promising secondary vegetation structure that shows ample potential to accommodate a wide range of indigenous perennial species outside the natural vegetation formations. The pattern of distribution of various vegetation structures, and the mixture with diverse tree-based on-farm plots are interesting features in regard to floristic and eco-diversity on a landscape level. In this respect, three areas that show different population densities and distinct agro-historical conditions were compared. In regions of particular high population density the degree of association of various functional land use forms and woodland structures – each characterised by its own floristic make-up – is comparatively high. In contrast, in regions with less population but that were settled at a later date, one encounters fewer stands of woody plants with lower numbers of species. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Agroforestry systems and soil surface management of a tropical alfisol:

Field runoff plots, 70 x 10 m each, were established on a tropical Alifisol in southwestern Nigeria to monitor water runoff, soil erosion and nutrient loss in water runoff. The non-agroforestry control treatment (A) was established at two levels: plow-till and no-till systems of seedbed preparation. There were two agroforestry systems based on contour hedgerows of (B) Leucaena leucocephala and (C) Gliricidia sepium established at 4-m and 2-m spacings. Field plots were established in 1982 and hydrological measurements were made for uniform maize-cowpea rotation for 12 consecutive growing seasons from 1982 through 1987. Once established hedgerows of Leucaena at 2-m spacing were extremely effective in reducing water runoff and controlling erosion. Runoff, erosion and nutrient losses were generally more from maize grown in the first season than from cowpea grown in the second. Mean seasonal erosion from maize was 4.3, 0.10, 0.57, 0.10, 0.64 and 0.60 t/ha for plow-till, no-till, Leucaena-4m, Leucaena-2m, Gliricidia-2m treatments, respectively. Mean runoff in the first season from treatments listed in the order above was 17.0, 1.3, 4.9, 3.3, 4.3, and 2.4 percent of the rainfall received. There were high losses of Ca and K in water runoff from the plow-till treatment. In contrast to runoff and erosion, losses of bases in water runoff from agroforestry treatments were relatively high, high concentration of bases in runoff was probably due to nutrient recycling by the deep-rooted perennials.     

遥感植被指数在重点国有林区“三总量”伐区检查中的应用研究——以对鹤立林业局的研究为例

以鹤立林业局为研究区域,以2007年"三总量"检查的TM遥感判读区划结果和抽样现地检查结果为基础资料,分析了同期遥感数据之间、不同年份遥感数据之间采伐地块的植被指数变化,以及不同采伐方式和不同采伐强度与植被指数变化的关系,为利用遥感数据进行"三总量"检查进行了有益的探索和实践。     

3种白腐菌木质素降解酶的比较

对3种白腐菌——黄孢原毛平革菌、变色栓菌和木质层孔菌在恒温振荡培养条件下产漆酶、锰过氧化物酶的情况进行比较研究,同时还对此3种菌在培养过程中还原糖的变化作了研究.结果表明:3种白腐菌中变色栓菌产漆酶相对最高,其漆酶酶活最高达到136.5 U/L,产酶最高时间为第8天;而木质层孔菌产锰过氧化物酶相对最高,其最高酶活达到880.2 U/L,产酶最高时间为第8天;同时在培养过程中还原糖含量随培养时间的延长而逐渐降低.     

祁连山主要植被下土壤对降雨分配的研究

以祁连山主要植被类型下的土壤为研究对象，对其物理性质、渗透率、渗流速度及其地表径流进行研究，结果表明：土壤的物理性质决定着土壤对降雨的分配情况，有林地将降雨全部分配成入渗水，而牧坡草地根据降雨强度和持续时间不同将降雨按不同的比例分配成入渗水和地表径流水2部分，不同植被的土壤蓄水量也各不相同。林地土壤100cm土层蓄水量为320．2～509．7mm，比牧坡草地高5．4％～60．47％，灌丛云杉和高山灌丛土壤蓄水量最高；轻度放牧的草地土壤蓄水量比强度放牧的高33．48％。     

国内外水土流失与土壤退化现状及特点分析

土壤侵蚀是土地退化的主要原因,全球约有1 965.0万km2的面积受到各种形式土壤退化的影响,水土流失与土地退化给人类的可持续发展带来了巨大的压力。我国水土流失尤为严重,根据最新第2次水土流失遥感调查结果表明,全国现有的水土流失面积为356.0万km2。轻度水蚀区主要分布在东中部,中度水蚀区绝大部分在中西部,强度及以上的水蚀区主要在西部地区。严重的水土流失使生态环境不断恶化,加剧土地资源危机,已成为严重的社会问题。     

杉木人工林地力衰退研究概述

介绍了我国杉木人工林地力衰退的现状，从森林土壤条件、杉木人工林的营养循环特点和人为经营措施等方面分析了导致杉木人工林地力衰退的原因，提出营建人工复层林、林地施肥、适当延长轮伐期，加强植被管理和进行定位观测等措施防止地力衰退。